Content

Topic 1. From Independence to the Oligarchic State (1833–1920)

1. The Problem of National Identity in Latin America
   1.1. The Construction of National Identity
   1.2. The New Ibero-American States and the Indigenous Question
   1.2.1. The Indigenous Question in Mexico
   1.2.2. The Indigenous Question in Argentina
   1.3. National Identity after 1910

2. Consolidation and Reconstruction: Problems in the Various American States
   2.1. The Fragmentation of Spanish America
   2.2. The Initial Formation of Latin American Nation-States
   2.3. Caudillismo
   2.4. The Economic and Social Consequences of Independence in Latin America

3. The Oligarchic Era in Latin America
   3.1. The Integration of Latin America into the Global Market
   3.2. The Impact of World War I on the Continent
   3.3. The Oligarchic Order in Latin America 

Topic 2. The Crisis of the Oligarchic State and New Ideas of Revolution (1920–1940)

1. Forms of Government in Latin America: From Democracies to Dictatorships
   1.1. Democracies
   1.2. Militarism

2. The United States as a Hemispheric Power

3. Theoretical Precedents of the Guerrilla Movements of the 1970s and 1980s: Thought and Revolution
   3.1. Introduction: The Mexican Revolution (1910–1920)
   3.2. Radical Peruvian Culture: Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre and José Carlos Mariátegui
   3.2.1. Peru (1930–1940)
   3.2.2. Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre
   3.2.3. José Carlos Mariátegui
   3.3. Nicaragua (1910–1934)
   3.4. El Salvador (1920–1932)

4. The First Populist and National-Populist Movements Preceding Those of the 1940s and 1950s
   4.1. Mexico (1930–1940)
   4.1.1. The Situation Before National-Populism: The Government of Plutarco Elías Calles (1924–1928)
   4.1.2. The National Revolutionary State of Lázaro Cárdenas
   4.4. Argentina (1928–1930)

5. Latin American Fascism: Right-Wing Revolutionary Nationalism

Topic 3. Background andFirst Phase of the Cold War (1930–1960)

1. TheCold War
   1.1. Characteristics of the Cold War
   1.2. The United States and the Good Neighbor Policy

2. The Populist Phenomenon in Brazil: The Vargas Era (1930–1945)
   2.1. The Vargas Era (1930–1945): Periods and Phases
   2.2. The "Nova República" (1930–1937)
   2.3. The Estado Novo Dictatorship (1937–1945)
   2.4. The Liberal Presidential Democracy (1945–1954)

3. From the End of Yrigoyen’s Populism to Perón’s Populism in Argentina (1930–1955)
   3.1. Politics under Uriburu and Justo (1930–1938)
   3.2. Argentina During World War II
   3.3. The Rise of Perón (1943–1946)
   3.4. The Perón Government (1946–1955)

4. From the Government of Alessandri to Ibañista Populism: Chile (1920–1958)
   4.1. The Government of Alessandri (1920–1925)
   4.2. Military Intervention and the New Constitution of 1925
   4.3. The Dictatorship of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo (1927–1931)
   4.4. The Second Presidency of Arturo Alessandri (1932–1938)
   4.5. The Popular Front (1938–1941)
   4.6. Continuation of the RadicalGovernment (1942–1952)
   4.7. The Return of Ibáñez (1952–1958)

5. From the Sergeants' Revolt to the Bearded Men’s Revolution: Cuba (1933–1959)
   5.1. Introduction: Cuba Before the Rise of Fulgencio Batista (1898–1933)
   5.2. The Sergeants' Revolt and Batista's Governments (1933–1953)
   5.3. The Bearded Men’s Revolution (1953–1959)

Topic 4. Between Reformist Militarism and National Security States. The Diverse Military Corporatism (1960–1980)

1. U.S. Foreign Policy (1960–1980)
   1.1. The Alliance for Progress
   1.2. The National Security Doctrine
   1.3. Operation Condor

2. Cuba: The Consolidation of Revolutionary Power (1959–1980)
   2.1. Cuban Foreign Policy (1959–1962)
   2.2. Cuban Domestic Policy (1959–1980)
   2.3. The Figure of Fidel Castro (1959–1980)
   2.4. Social Trends (1959–1980)
   2.5. Exporting the Revolution

3. Guerrilla Warfare in Latin America: The Cases of Nicaragua, Colombia, and Uruguay
   3.1. Introduction
   3.2. Nicaragua: From the Somoza Dynasty to the Sandinista Government (1934–1979)
   3.2.1. Introduction
   3.2.2. The Consolidation of the Somoza Government (1934–1951)
   3.2.3. Economic Transformation and the Founding of the Somoza Dynasty (1951–1971)
   3.2.4. The Fall of the Dynasty (1972–1979)
   3.2.5. The Consolidation of the Sandinista Government (1980)
   3.3. Colombia: From the "Independent Republics" to the Emergence and Early Actions of the FARC-EP (1958–1980)
   3.3.1. Introduction
   3.3.2. From the Independent Republics and Operation Marquetalia to the First Emergence of the FARC (1958–1964)
   3.3.3. Evolution of the FARC-EP Armed Struggle (1964–1980)
   3.3.4. The Origin of the National Liberation Army (ELN) (1964)

4. Chile (1958–1980)
   4.1. The Conservative as Technocrat: Presidency of Jorge Alessandri (1958–1964)
   4.2. The “Revolution in Liberty”: Presidency of Eduardo Frei (1964–1970)
   4.3. The “Chilean Road to Socialism”: Presidency of Salvador Allende (1970–1973)
   4.4. The Pinochet Military Coup (1973)
   4.5. Pinochet’s Chile: Laissez-faire Economy and Authoritarian State (1973–1980)

5. From the Presidency of Arturo Frondizi to the Argentine Military Junta (1958–1983)
   5.1. From the Presidency of Arturo Frondizi to the “Argentine Revolution” (1958–1966)
   5.2. The “Argentine Revolution” (1966–1973)
   5.3. The Return and Fall of Peronism (1973–1976)
   5.4. The National Reorganization Process (1976–1983)

6. Reformist Militarism in Peru (1962–1980)
   6.1. Background of Reformist Militarism (1930–1961)
   6.2. The 1962–1963 Elections and First Presidency of Belaúnde Terry (1963–1968)
   6.3. Military Government and “Revolution from Above” (1968–1975)
   6.4. The “Second Phase” of the Military Government and the Transition to Civil Rule (1975–1980)

7. Reformist Militarism in Bolivia (1964–1971)
   7.1. Military Government (1964–1978)

8. Paraguay (1946–1989)
   8.1. Coalition Government and Civil War (1946–1947)
   8.2. The Colorados in Power (1947–1954)
   8.3. The State and Party under the Stroessner Regime (1954–1989)

9. Uruguay (1972–1985)
   9.1. The Military Regime (1972–1985)

Topic 5. TheEnd of the Cold War and the Difficult Transitions to Democracy (1980–2000)

1. U.S. Foreign Policy (1980–2000)
   1.1. The Reagan Doctrine (1981–1989)
   1.2. Diplomacy of the New World Order under George H.W. Bush (1989–1993)
   1.3. The Globalization Period under Bill Clinton (1993–2001)

2. Chile: From Military Dictatorship to the Return of Democracy (1980–2000)
   2.1. Political Renewal and the End of the Dictatorship (1982–1990)
   2.2. Presidency of Patricio Aylwin Azócar (1990–1994)
   2.3. Presidency of Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle (1994–2000)

3. Argentina: From Raúl Alfonsín to Carlos Menem (1983–1999)
   3.1. Government of Raúl Alfonsín (1983–1989)
   3.2. Government of Carlos Menem: The Triumph of Neoliberalism (1989–1999)

4. Nicaragua: Revolution and Counterrevolution—The Sandinista Government and the Contra War (1979–2002)
   4.1. From the NationalReconstruction Government Junta to Daniel Ortega’s First Term (1979–1990)
   4.2. From the Government of Violeta Barrios de Chamorro to Arnaldo Alemán Lacayo (1990–2002)

5. Cuba Alone in Resistance (1980–2000)
   5.1. The Impact of the USSR’s Decline and Collapse on Cuba (1980–1991)
   5.2. Post-Soviet Cuba (1991–1999)
   5.3. Exiles, Opponents, and Dissidents (1999–2000)

Topic 6. Latin America in the 21st Century
6.1. The Rise of Neopopulism: The Transformation of Peronism into Kirchnerism
6.2. The Indigenous Challenge: Multinational Constitutionalism (Chile and Bolivia)
6.3. The Renewal of Revolutionary Nationalism: Chavismo and Madurismo in Venezuela
6.4. The Difficult—Perhaps Impossible—Pacification of Revolutionary Guerrillas and Drug Trafficking