This version of the course guide is provisional until the period for editing the new course guides ends.

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Quantitative Archaeology

Code: 106858 ECTS Credits: 6
2025/2026
Degree Type Year
Archaeology OB 3

Contact

Name:
Juan Antonio Barceló Álvarez
Email:
juanantonio.barcelo@uab.cat

Teaching groups languages

You can view this information at the end of this document.


Prerequisites

As stipulated by the official degree regulations. A minimum level of knowledge in mathematics is recommended, equivalent to secondary education: basic arithmetic rules, the concept of equation and function.


Objectives and Contextualisation

Although most archaeologists may not believe it, archaeology is a mathematical discipline (as once stated by David Clarke), on equal footing with chemistry, physics, etc.
That is, to solve archaeological problems we must use reasoning methods developed in mathematical language. The difficulty lies in the fact that most "humanities" students do not know mathematics. Although there are many software programs that could help us apply these mathematical concepts, the truth is that their use seems too complicated for those without the necessary background.

For this reason, this course has been designed in order to follow a step-by-step program,  with easy-to-understand examples of all the techniques used in archaeology, providing schematic, intuitive, simple, and direct documentation of all statistical functions that could be useful for archaeologists.

The introduction to statistical techniques is not based on formulas but rather explains what the calculations performed by a computer program are for.
The course is specially designed for those archaeology students who intend to become future professionals in our field and not only have no idea about mathematics but actually learned to hate it during their school years. Numbers will appear in large quantities, but the operations (arithmetic, algebraic, etc.) will be omitted and replaced with intuitive explanations of what is being attempted with the techniques.

Thematically, the subject is an introduction to classical statistics, initially discussing the quantitative nature of archaeological data and measurements, presenting the most common descriptive statistics, and introducing students to inferential statistical procedures, such as qualitative tests for contingency tables, analysis of variance, study of correlations between variables, etc.
The course explains hypothesis testing techniques and argues the use of these methods to solve archaeological problems.


Learning Outcomes

  1. CM09 (Competence) Plan the work processes of archaeology, specifically information processing in the field and laboratory analysis activities, organising work teams and distributing different tasks among their members to achieve the expected goals.

Content

Course Syllabus

  1. Introduction to Quantification in Social Sciences and Archaeology. What does "Statistics" mean? Why is it so important? Text Commentary: “Analysis and Explanation in Archaeology”.

  2. The Despicable World of Numbers. Observation, Measurement, and Quantification. Text commentary: “Not All Numbers Are Equal. Types of Measurements and Types of Scales”.

  3. Measurement of Space and Time in Archaeology

  4. From Measurements to Data. Representation and Coding of Archaeological Information. Databases. The PAST software.

  5. Case Study Presentation (I). Exercise with Excel.

  6. Case Study Presentation (II). Exercise with Excel.

  7. Classification and Typology. Measuring Similarity. Introduction to the use of Euclidean distance.

  8. Group Analysis and Dendrograms (Cluster Analysis). Practice with PAST.

  9. The Concept of Variability. Measuring Variability. Histograms.

  10. Measuring Variability. Univariate Statistics.

  11. What is Chance? The Importance of Randomness.

  12. Statistical Design of Research. Statistical Model Testing and Hypothesis Testing.

  13. Contingency Tables and Correspondence Analysis.

  14. Contingency Tables and Correspondence Analysis. Practice with PAST.

  15. Contingency Tables and Correspondence Analysis. Practice with PAST.

  16. Comparison of Qualitative and Quantitative Variables. Student's t-test. Practice with PAST.

  17. Comparison of Qualitative and Quantitative Variables. Analysis of Variance.

  18. Comparison of Qualitative and Quantitative Variables. Analysis of Variance. Practice with PAST.

  19. Introduction to the Concepts of Correlation and Linear Regression.

  20. Correlation and Linear Regressions. Practice with PAST.

  21. Introduction to Principal Component Analysis.

  22. Practice with Principal Component Analysis.

  23. General review of all statistical techniques used throughout the course.


Activities and Methodology

Title Hours ECTS Learning Outcomes
Type: Directed      
commented solution of specific archaeological case studies 15 0.6 CM09, CM09
Practical presentation of statistical techniques 15 0.6 CM09, CM09
Theoretical introduction to statistical main concepts 10 0.4 CM09, CM09
Type: Supervised      
Using specific software for statistical calculations and data processing 20 0.8 CM09, CM09
Type: Autonomous      
Reading specialized bibliographic references 40 1.6 CM09, CM09

Directed Activity – 40%

  • Attendance at theoretical classes led by the professor.

  • Attendance at seminar sessions and computer practices with specific software led by the professor.

  • Classes are held in a special computer lab.

  • Comprehensive reading of texts.


Independent Work – 55%

  • Personal study.

  • Consultation of specialized bibliography. Some of the documentation is in English.

  • Use of statistical software. Data analysis work using materials that students can download at the beginning of the course.

  • Students are required to have a USB flash drive to carry the distributed data.

  • It is advisable for students to have their own computer to perform independent activities using the recommended free software.

Annotation: Within the schedule set by the centre or degree programme, 15 minutes of one class will be reserved for students to evaluate their lecturers and their courses or modules through questionnaires.


Assessment

Continous Assessment Activities

Title Weighting Hours ECTS Learning Outcomes
Continued evaluation. Exercises to be solved autonomously. Weekly. 30 10 0.4 CM09
First case study. 35 15 0.6 CM09
Second Study case 35 25 1 CM09

  • This subject is excluded from single assessment.

  • Completion of a weekly graded exercise. Assignment explained on Thursday and submitted the following Tuesday.

  • These exercises may be done and submitted collectively, in pairs or groups of up to four students.

Submission of First Case Study

  • Data provided by the instructor.

  • A simulated archaeological scenario with numerical data on various aspects of the archaeological record.

  • Students must solve the archaeological question posed, statistically arguing their response using the provided data and the necessary calculations for hypothesis testing.

  • This first case is resolved in class with the help of the professor. The student task is to integrate all analyses and class discussions into a well-organized paper including an introduction, approach, calculation discussion, results, and conclusions.

Submission of Second Case Study

  • Also based on instructor-provided data,another simulated archaeological scenario.

  • In this case, the problem is discussed in class, but students must work independently, identifying the necessary analyses and applying everything learned during the course.

Recovery Procedure

  • At the time of each graded activity, the professor will inform students (via Moodle) about the procedure and review date of the grades.

    Only the final project (second case study) can be re-evaluated.

  • This decision is made on a case-by-case basis after a personal interview between the student and the professor.

  • The re-evaluation deadline is also determined on a case-by-case basis by mutual agreement.

  • Students will receive a “Not assessable” grade if either of the two case studies is not submitted.

  • If a student commits any irregularity that could significantly alter the evaluation result, the affected activity will be graded with a 0, regardless of any disciplinary process. Multiple irregularities in one course will result in a final grade of 0.


AI Use Policy

  • The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies is recommended as an integral part of the course work, as long as the final result reflects a significant contribution from the student in analysis and personal reflection.

  • Students must:
    (i) identify which parts were generated with AI;
    (ii) specify which tools were used;
    (iii) include a critical reflection on how these tools influenced the process and the final result.

  • Lack of transparency in AI use will be considered academic dishonesty, resulting in a grade of 0 for the activity and no possibility of recovery, or greater sanctions in serious cases.

     

     


Bibliography

REFERENCE TEXTBOOKS:

Victor M. Fernández-Martínez. Arqueo-Estadística. Métodos cuantitativos en Arqueología. AlianzaEditorial.

Shennan, Arqueología Cuantitativa. Editorial Crítica

Barceló, J.A., Morell, B., Métodos cronométricos en Arqueología, Historia y Paleontología. Editorial Dextra.

 

OTHER REFERENCES (SPECIALIZED)


ABELSON, R.P.., 1998, La estadística razonada: reglas y principios. Buenos Aires: Paidos.
ALBERTI,G.,From Data to Insights. A beginner's guide to cross-tabulation analysis. CRC Press.

BANNING. The archaeologist's laboratory. Springer.

BARCELÓ, J.A:, 2008, Computational Intelligence in Archaeology. Information Science reference, IGI Group.
Inc.

BARCELÓ, J.A., BOGDANOVIC, I., Mathematics and Archaeology. CRC Press.
BAXTER, M.J., 2003, Statistics in Archaeology. London, Arnold Publ.
BAXTER,M.J., 1994, Exploratory Multivariate Analysis in Archaeology. Edinburgh University Press.

CARLSON. Quantitative Methods in Archaeology using R. Cambridge University press.
CARRERO-PAZOS, M.,  Arqueología Computacional del territorio. Oxford. ArchaeoPress.

CHAMBERLAIN, d., 2006, Demography in Archaeology. Cambridge University press.
CONNOLLY, J., LAKE, M., 2009, Sistemas de Información geográfica aplicados a la Arqueología. Ediciones
Bellaterra

DE SMITH, M.J., GOODCHILD, M., LONGLEY, P., 2009, Geospatial Analysis. Winchelsea Press.
(www.spatialanalysisonline.com)

R.LEE LYMAN  Quantitative Paleozoology. Cambridge University Press.

McCALL.Strategies for Quantitative ANalysis. Archaeology by Numbers. Routledge

O'BRIEN & LEE LYMAN. Cladistics and Archaeology. Utah University press.

ORTON. Sampling in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press.

READ. Artifact Classification. A conceptual and methodological approach. Routledge

VAN POOL & LEONARD. Quantitative Analysis in Archaeology. Wiley Publ.


Software

Software Used in the Course

The course uses a very specific software program:
PAST (Paleontological Statistics) – developed by Øyvind Hammer, D.A.T. Harper, and P.D. Ryan.

There are many comprehensive programs for performing statistical calculations, but PAST has advantages:

  • It is free, and students can download and install it on their personal computers from https://www.nhm.uio.no/english/research/resources/past/

  • The program is tailored for use in paleontology and archaeology, meaning it includes functions not available in general-use programs (such as cladistics, seriation, morphometrics, and stratigraphic comparison).

  • At the same time, it excludes features rarely used in our disciplines, making it more streamlined and less confusing.

  • PAST is easy to use and well-suited for introductory courses in quantitative paleontology and archaeology.


Groups and Languages

Please note that this information is provisional until 30 November 2025. You can check it through this link. To consult the language you will need to enter the CODE of the subject.

Name Group Language Semester Turn
(PLAB) Practical laboratories 11 Catalan first semester morning-mixed
(PLAB) Practical laboratories 12 Catalan first semester morning-mixed
(PLAB) Practical laboratories 13 Catalan first semester morning-mixed
(TE) Theory 1 Catalan first semester morning-mixed