Content

UNIT 1 GENERALITIES

General Pathology, concept and relationship with other disciplines. The sick human being. Concepts of health and illness. Concepts of nosology, nosothagia, pathocronia, etiology, pathogenesis, semiology, physiopathology, semiotics.

UNIT 2 PATHOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND AGING

The living, mechanical, physical and chemical agents as a cause of illness. Endogenous factors of the disease: general principles of genetics. Types of genetic diseases. Constitution and illness. Immunological mechanisms of the disease.

Cell injury and cell death. Aging: physiological and pathological aspects.

UNIT 3 SEMIOLOGY

General symptoms. Pathophysiology of pain, definition, type and general semiology. Fever: concept, causes and mechanisms. Febrile syndrome.  Inflammation: concept, causes, types, mediators and clinical manifestations. Edema: concept, pathogenesis and semiology.

UNIT 4 RESPIRATORY PATHOLOGY

Anatomical and functional aspects of the respiratory system. Ventilation control mechanisms. Ventilation disorders. Disorders of obstructive and restrictive ventilation. Diffusion disorders. Alveolar-capillary exchange disorders. Perfusion disorders and their relationship of ventilation / perfusion.

Hypoxia. Types of hypoxia. Hypoxia compensation mechanisms. Consequences of hypoxia. Concept and physiopathology of cyanosis. Types of cyanosis: central or arterial and peripheral or venous. Hypercapnia: concept, mechanisms, causes and consequences.

Pathophysiology of dyspnea and respiratory rhythm disorders. Concept, evaluation and mechanisms of dyspnea.  Dyspnea more frequent causes and clinical implications.

Main symptoms of the respiratory system pathology. Mechanismsand causes, semiology meaning of cough, sneeze, expectoration and hemoptysis. Thoracic pain. Clubbing and asterixi.

Pathophysiology of pulmonary circulation. Thromboembolism and pulmonary infarction. Pulmonary hypertension: concept, mechanisms, causes and consequences. Pulmonary edema: concept, mechanisms, causes and consequences.

Respiratory system syndromes. Respiratory insufficiency: concept and pathophysiologic classification. Respiratory insufficiency with and without hypercapnia. Ethiopathogenic classification.

Pathophysiology of main pulmonary syndromes: emphysema, atelectasis, condensation, fibrosis and cavitation. Aerial hyperactivity syndrome. Bronchitis. Bronchial asthma. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Physical examination of the respiratory system. Other diagnostic procedures: radiology, and pulmonary function tests.

UNIT 5  CARDIO CIRCULATORY PATHOLOGY

Anatomical and functional basis of the cardiovascular system. The heart cycle. Heart output: influential factors. Mechanisms of compensation for heart failure: Hypertrophy. Tachycardia Increased contractility.

Pathophysiology of cardiac rhythm and heart rate disorders. Mechanisms and causes of arrhythmias. Pathophysiology of blood pressure. Hypertension: mechanisms, causes and consequences. Hypotension: mechanisms, causes and consequences.

Chronic widespread circulatory insufficiency syndrome: congestive heart failure. Acute generalized circulatory insufficiency syndrome: shock and syncope.

LocalizeAL PATHOLOGYd circulatory insufficiency syndrome: coronary insufficiency. Circulatory insufficiency of limbs.

Physical examination of the circulatory system. Diagnostic tests: electrocardiography, echocardiography, cardiopulmonary exercise testing.

UNIT 6 NEUROLOGICAL PATHOLOGY

Anatomic and functional basis of the nervous system. Pathophysiology of the cerebrospinal fluid. Meningeal syndrome. Endocraneal hypertension syndrome.

Pathophysiology of consciousness. The sleep. The coma. Pathophysiology of the vegetative nervous System.

Pathophysiology of the peripheral nervous system. Main disorders of the peripheral nervous system.

Pathophysiology of the neuromuscular junction.  Muscle and neuromuscular junction disorders. Signs and symptoms of muscular pathology: weakness, fatigue, muscle atrophy, sarcopenia. Myasthenia and myopathy syndromes.

UNIT 7 ONCOLOGICAL PATHOLOGY

General pathology of neoplasms. Carcinogenesis and neoplasm invasion. Cancer syndrome Paraneoplastic syndrome

Main cancer types: breast, prostate, colon, lung.

UNIT 8 URINARY SYSTEM PATHOLOGY

Urinary semiology: dysuria, polaquiuria, urinary retention. Pathophysiology of the urinary tract.

Anatomical and functional basis of urinary continence. Pathophysiology of urinary incontinence. Clinical classification and evaluation of urinary incontinence. Child urinary incontinence: enuresis.

UNIT 9 HEMATOLOGICAL PATHOLOGY

Pathophysiology of red blood cells (erythrocytes). Anemic syndrome and polycythemic syndrome.

Pathophysiology of white blood cells (leukocytes) and lymphocytes. Leukemia Myeloproliferative syndromes.

Pathophysiology of hemostasis. Hemorrhagic diathesis. Thrombotic diathesis.

UNIT 10 

Pathophysiology of the endocrine system. Pathophysiology ofthe hypothalamus pituitary axis. Pathophysiology of growth and development.

Physiopathology of glucide metabolism. Diabetes. 

Complications of diabetes.

Pathophysiology of lipid metabolism. Dyslipidemia. Pathophysiology of the metabolism of proteins. Obesity and malnutrition

UNIT 11 DIGESTIVE PATHOLOGY

General pathophysiology of digestive motility, digestion and absorption of the digestive tract. Diarrhea.  Constipation.

Main symptoms of the digestive system: pain, dysphagia, nail biting, heartburn, ptyalism, sialorrhea, vomiting, regurgitation. Hematemesis and melena. Gastrointestinal bleeding.

Hepatocellular failure syndrome. Portal hypertension syndrome.

Jaundice and cholestasis. Diagnostic exam and test of the digestive system.

UNIT 12 ARTICULAR OSTEO PATHOLOGY

Pathophysiology of bone tissue. Congenital bone diseases. Acquired bone diseases: nutrition, metabolism, osteoporosis, Paget's disease.

Pathophysiology of the joints. Inflammatory and degenerative disorders: arthritis and arthrosis.

Complementary explorations of the locomotive system: radiology, computerized tomography, magnetic resonance, ultrasound.