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2023/2024

Cell Biology

Code: 103980 ECTS Credits: 6
Degree Type Year Semester
2500250 Biology FB 1 1

Contact

Name:
Ester Anton Martorell
Email:
ester.anton@uab.cat

Teaching groups languages

You can check it through this link. To consult the language you will need to enter the CODE of the subject. Please note that this information is provisional until 30 November 2023.


Prerequisites

Since Cell Biology is a first-semester subject of the Bachelor's Degree in Biology, there are no prerequisites for taking it. However, it is recommended that students have previous knowledge of basic biology, so that they can follow the classes. This would mostly include general aspects of cell structures and their organic composition (proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids), as well as the main cellular metabolic pathways.

In addition, since most scientific information sources are in English, it is advisable to have a good grounding in this language.


Objectives and Contextualisation

Cell Biology is a basic subject of the Bachelor's Degree in Biology at the Autonomous University of Barcelona. The course aims to establish sound knowledge of the structural organization, functioning and regulation of eukaryotic cells.

The basic knowledge provided by the subject of Cell Biology is essential in order to follow many other courses in the study plan. This is the main reason why this subject is scheduled for the first semester of the first year of the study plan.

The following are the specific training goals of this subject:

-       To recognize the main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

-       To describe the structure, composition, and main features of cell membranes.

-       To explain the organization and composition of other elements of the cell surface.

-       To describe the transport processes through cell membranes.

-       To describe the structure, composition, and function of the different compartments of eukaryotic cells, as well as the relationships between them.

-       To explain the role of mitochondria in cell bioenergetics.

-       To describe the protein classification systems and their intracellular distribution pathways.

-       To describe chromatin composition and its organization throughout the cell cycle.

-       To list the cytoskeleton elements and describe their composition and structure.

-       To explain the contribution of the cytoskeleton to the cell shape and movement.

-       To identify and describe molecules, structures and processes involved in the cell communication with other cells and their external environment.

-       To identify molecules involved in the cell cycle regulation and explaining their role.

-       To list and describe the different mitotic and meiotic phases and to compare both types of cell divisions.

-       To relate the functioning of eukaryotic cells with the occurrence of some diseases.

-       To integrate and apply knowledge of theory when interpreting and resolving basic cell biology experiments.

-       To use the appropriate scientific terminology in the field of cell biology.


Competences

  • Act with ethical responsibility and respect for fundamental rights and duties, diversity and democratic values.
  • Be able to analyse and synthesise
  • Be able to organise and plan.
  • Develop a historical vision of biology.
  • Make changes to methods and processes in the area of knowledge in order to provide innovative responses to society's needs and demands.
  • Students must be capable of applying their knowledge to their work or vocation in a professional way and they should have building arguments and problem resolution skills within their area of study.
  • Students must be capable of collecting and interpreting relevant data (usually within their area of study) in order to make statements that reflect social, scientific or ethical relevant issues.
  • Students must develop the necessary learning skills to undertake further training with a high degree of autonomy.
  • Students must have and understand knowledge of an area of study built on the basis of general secondary education, and while it relies on some advanced textbooks it also includes some aspects coming from the forefront of its field of study.
  • Understand the processes that determine the functioning of living beings in each of their levels of organisation.
  • Work in teams.

Learning Outcomes

  1. Analyse a situation and identify its points for improvement.
  2. Be able to analyse and synthesise.
  3. Be able to organise and plan.
  4. Critically analyse the principles, values and procedures that govern the exercise of the profession.
  5. Describe the processes of cell differentiation, specialisation and death, and the cellular bases of the pathologies associated with functional errors.
  6. Describe the structure of the different parts of a cell and their functioning.
  7. Integrate the functions of the different organelles and cell structures with the overall functioning of the cell.
  8. Propose new methods or well-founded alternative solutions.
  9. Relate the nature and organisation of genetic material in the cell to the control of gene expression at different points in the cell cycle.
  10. Students must be capable of applying their knowledge to their work or vocation in a professional way and they should have building arguments and problem resolution skills within their area of study.
  11. Students must be capable of collecting and interpreting relevant data (usually within their area of study) in order to make statements that reflect social, scientific or ethical relevant issues.
  12. Students must develop the necessary learning skills to undertake further training with a high degree of autonomy.
  13. Students must have and understand knowledge of an area of study built on the basis of general secondary education, and while it relies on some advanced textbooks it also includes some aspects coming from the forefront of its field of study.
  14. Summarise the most important historical milestones in cell biology and genetics and appreciate their contributions to present-day biology.
  15. Use the bibliographic sources specific to cell biology and genetics to work independently on acquiring further knowledge.
  16. Work in teams.

Content

The contents of this subject will include the following points:

BLOCK I-INTRODUCTION

Unit 1. Organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.

BLOCK II- CELL SURFACE

Unit 2. Structure and composition of the plasma membrane.

Unit 3. Transport of molecules through the membrane.

Unit 4. Extracellular matrix and cell wall.

Unit 5. Unions and cell adhesion.

BLOCK III- CYTOSKELETON

Unit 6. Microfilaments.

Unit 7. Microtubules.

Unit 8. Intermediate filaments.

BLOKC IV- INTRACEL·LULAR COMPARTMENTS

Unit 9. Introduction to the intracellular compartments and protein sorting.

Unit 10. Nucleus.

Unit 11. Cytosol.

Unit 12. Introduction to the endomembrane system. Endoplasmic reticulum.

Unit 13. Golgi apparatus. Basics of vesicular transport.

Unit 14. Endosomes, lysosomes, and vacuoles.

Unit 15. Mitochondria.

Unit 16. Peroxisomes.

BLOCK V- CELLULAR REGULATION

Unit 17. Cell signaling.

Unit 18. Cell cycle.

Unit 19. Mitosis.

Unit 20. Meiosis.


Methodology

The subject of Cell Biology includes Theory classes, Problem-based classes, and Laboratory Practicals. Below, the organization and teaching methodology for these three types of training activities are described.

Theory classes

The content of the Theory program will be taught mainly in the form of formal lectures with audio-visual support. This will include PowerPoint presentations containing an index for each unit with the most important points that will be described, illustrative schematics of the contents, and microscope images of cells or their components, to familiarize students with their real structure and organization.

The teacher will make supplementary audio-visual material available to the students through the Moodle classroom of the subject, to help them follow the lectures. Students are recommended to bring this material to class as a support when taking notes. Some animations and videos related to cellular processes described in specific units will also be displayed.

Students will be advised to consult the recommended books listed in the Bibliography section of this Study Guide on a regular basis, to consolidate and, if necessary, clarify the contents described. In addition, it will also be recommended that they consult the links made available through the Moodle classroom in order to access to additional videos and animations that, due to time constraints or content prioritization, cannot be shown in class.

As well as in the follow-up to lectures, students will be also expected to play an active role in preparing certain course contents by developing transferable and generic competences related to independent learning. Specifically, students will be required to prepare some units of the program based on guidelines provided by the teacher. These guidelines will consistof a detailed index of the contents and the most important concepts that the students must acquire.

Problem-based classes

During these sessions, students will present to the rest of the class the solutions of experimental problems related to the contents of the of the Theory program. These exercises must have been previously working on in work teams outside the classroom, as scheduled for that class. In general, no additional programmed content will be included in these sessions, as their main aim is to consolidate and facilitate comprehension of the contents already presented in the Theory classes, and to familiarize students with interpreting scientific data and problem-solving through real experimental situations.

At the beginning of the semester, the teacher will provide the students with a dossier containing all the exercises to work on over the course, along with a calendar of presentations. In each of these sessions, the teacher will ask several students to explain the solution to a problem to the rest of the class. The students who give these presentations will be chosen by the teacher, who will ensure that all groups get involved in these presentations throughout the course.

In these sessions, regardless of who presents the solutions to the problems, the participation of other classmates/groups will be requested and encouraged to discuss the results or addressing other possible valid answers. This will also ensure that all students have understood the exercise.

Once the exercises programmed for each practice class have been completed, the remaining available time will be devoted to debate and students’ queries about important concepts in the units that they must prepare independently.

Laboratory Practicals

These sessions are of mandatory assistance, and they are intended to provide an applied view of the knowledge acquired in the Theory classes to the students as well as favoring their learning of how to use basic laboratory instruments. Specifically, these classes will be organized in six sessions of two hours each one. The students, in groups of maximum two people, will carry out simple experiments related to the contents of the subject's program.

At the beginning of the course, the teacher will provide the Laboratory-Practicals script to the students through the Virtual Campus. Students will have to bring it printed in the several sessions in order to follow the activities and protocols established for each class. This script will contain the General Regulations of the Laboratory Practicals that students will have read and follow throughout all sessions.

In addition, before assisting to these practical sessions, students must have passed the corresponding Biosafety Tests and submit the corresponding certifying documentation.

Annotation: Within the schedule set by the centre or degree programme, 15 minutes of one class will be reserved for students to evaluate their lecturers and their courses or modules through questionnaires.


Activities

Title Hours ECTS Learning Outcomes
Type: Directed      
Laboratory Practicals 12 0.48 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 10, 11, 9, 2, 3, 16
Problem-based classes 2 0.08 4, 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 10, 11, 9, 2, 3, 16
Theory classes 36 1.44 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 11, 9, 14
Type: Autonomous      
Individual study 70.5 2.82 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 12, 11, 9, 14, 2, 3, 15
Problem resolution work in groups 16 0.64 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 12, 10, 11, 9, 14, 2, 3, 16, 15
Self-learning content work 10 0.4 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 12, 11, 9, 14, 2, 3, 15

Assessment

Students' progress in acquiring competences on the course will be monitored through continuous assessment or by a single term-end examination as detailed below.

Assessment of contents taught in Theory classes

The contents taught in Theory classes will have a weight of 70% of the final grade for the subject. In case of following a continuous assessment, students will have to perform two Interim Tests which the students will have to take individually. These tests will consist of a series of objective questions to show whether the students have assimilated the concepts required to pass the subject, and whether they know how to integrate and interrelate them. These tests will also include questions on the units that students will have prepared on their own to evaluate the corresponding learning outcomes.

The First Interim Test will have a weight of 35% of the final mark and will focus on the contents taught up to that moment plus two units that students will have to prepare independently.

The Second Interim Test will include the rest of the contents (although some questions can also indirectly refer to aspects of the units evaluated in the first test). This test will also include two units that students must prepare independently. The weight of this second test in the final mark will be 35%.

In case of not passing these tests, or wanting to improve the mark obtained, students will be able to perform a Recovery Exam of the contents corresponding to any of these parts (or both). Each one of these tests will include the contents related to the two previousInterim Tests and therefore its weight will again be 35%+35% of the final mark.

Students who request a single term-end examination will be able to take a single Final Exam that will integrate the whole theoretical content of the subject and will represent 80% of the grade. This test will take place on the same day that the other students take the Second Interim Test. These students will also be able to perform a Recovery Exam of this content which will again have a weight of 80% on the final mark and take place concurrently to the Recovery Exam of the students that follow continuous evaluation.

Assessment of contents taught in Problem-based classes

The contents related to these classes will have a weight of 10% of the final mark. In this part, students' ability when solving experimental problems related to the Theoretical content of the subject will be evaluated.

In each session, several students will be asked to orally present the solutions to the exercises programmed for that session. These students will be chosen by the teacher to ensure that all groups will be eventually involved in these presentations. With the purpose of ensuring that all students had participated in the teamwork necessary to solve these exercises, in these exhibitions the teacher will ensure that the students who present the resolutions had worked and had understood the problem (independently whether the answer is correct or not).

To ensure that the previous relative work has been done in a team, before each one of these problem sessions, students will have to submit their written answers of the scheduled exercises through the Moodle classroom (a single submission each group).They will also have toindividually answer a questionnaire related to the functioning of the teamwork tasks. This questionnaire will be prepared by the teacher and will be made available to the students through the Virtual Campus. All students must individually fill it and evaluate the participation oftheir team-mates. The aim of this questionnaire is to supervise the functioning of the work groups and to be able to detect those students who do not participate or who interfere in the teamwork. These tasks will have a weight of the 1% of the subject grade. In the event that a group does not send the solutions of the corresponding problems according to the stablished schedule, all members of that group will receive a 0 for this part.

In case of detecting a negative evaluation by the components of a group on one of its members indicating a lack of participation in the teamwork, this student will receive a 0 in the grade obtained in this part of the subject.

On the other hand, students will have to individually resolve a problem of similar characteristics to the ones worked on during the course together with the Second Interim Exam (in the case of following a continuous assessment) or together with the Final Exam (in case of requesting a single term-end examination). The mark obtained in this exercise will represent 9% of the final grade for the subject.

 

Assessment of contents taught in Laboratory Practicals

At the end of each Practical lesson, students will have to individually answer a questionnaire that will contain questions related to the corresponding class. The resulting average of all marks obtained from thesetests will have a weight of 20% on the final mark of the subject.

Attendance to all six practical sessions is mandatory and students must be prompt. If a student arrives late or does not attend to a given session, he/she will have the option of recovering the corresponding lesson another day by their own and under his/her responsibility (that is, they may try to attend to another session programmed for another group as long as that group is not full). In case all remaining groups are full, or that practical lesson is no longer taught, this unjustified absence will entail a penalty on the mark of this part of the subject:

- Non-attendance to one or two sessions (without justification) will imply a reduction of the average mark of this part of the subject by 25% or 50%, respectively.

- Non-attendance to more than two sessions (without justification), will imply obtaining a 0 in this part of the subject. This will represent failing the subject.

Otherwise, if a student does not attend a programed session for extenuating circumstances(i.e. health problem, death of a first- or second-degree relative, an accident, or unavoidable competitions in the case of elite student athletes), she/he will have to contact the coordinator of the subject and provide the official documentation (respectively: official medical certificate that explicitly confirms the inability to carry out the exam, police statement, justification from the competent sports organization.). This way, the coordinator will ensure that the student recovers the session in another group.

Moreover, if a student assist to the Laboratory Practicals without having passed the corresponding Biosecurity Tests, they will obtain a 0 in this part and therefore suspend the subject.

Since the attendance to theLaboratoryPracticals is mandatoryand its evaluation is carried out within the time frame intended for their development, these contents will be evaluated in the same way by all students enrolled in the subject independently whether they do continuous assessment or single term-end examination.

MARKING SYSTEM

Regarding the Theory contents, in order to have the right to the 70% of the final grade corresponding to this part, students that follow a continuous assessment process will have to perform two Interim Tests. For the marks obtained in the two Interim Tests to be taken into account, it will be necessary to obtain a mark higher than 4 (out of 10) in each one of them. Students who do not achieve this mark will be able to retake the corresponding parts in the Recovery Exam (to be eligible for the retake process in the Final Exam, students must have been previously evaluated in the two previous Interim Tests). If a student who has passed the subject by performing the two Interim Tests decides to take the Final Exam to improve the mark obtained, he/she will lose all previously obtained interim marks.

In case of requesting a single term-end examination, students will only be able to perform a single Final Exam including all contents of the program to access to the 70% of the grade (corresponding to the theory content). They must obtain a mark higher than 4 (out of 10) in this exam so that this mark can be accounted in the final grade of the subject. If they do not achieve this score or if they want to raise their grade, these students will be able to perform a Recovery Exam which will again include all contentsofthe subject.

In the evaluation of the contents related to the Problem-based classes, in order to have the right to the 10% of the final grade corresponding to this part, students will have to work in team in the resolution of the submitted exercises and individually solve a problem during the second Interim Test (in the case of following a continuous assessment) or during the Final Exam (in the case of following single term-end examination).

In the evaluation of the contents related to the Laboratory Practicals, in order to have the right to the 20% of the final grade corresponding to this part, students must have attended the six practical sessions and obtain a mark higher than 4 (out of 10) as an average mark of all performed questionnaires. In case of not achieving this qualification, students will fail the subject.

Globally, the maximum mark that can be obtained after completing all these activities will be 10 points (out of 10). And to be able to pass the subject, the following conditions must be fulfilled:

- Obtaining a mark equal to or greater than 4 points (out of 10) in each Interim Test or in the corresponding parts of the Recovery Exam (in case of following continuous assessment).

- Obtaining a mark equal to or greater than 4 points (out of 10) in the Final Exam or in the Recovery Exam (in case of following single term-end examination).

- Obtaining an average mark equal to or greater than 4 points (out of 10) from the questionnaires performed in the Laboratory sessions.

- Obtaining anoverall mark of ≥5 (outof10) for all evaluations received.

 

All factors to be considered in the marking systems established for this subject related to the continuous assessment are summarized in the following table: 

 

ASSESSMENT

WEIGHT

MINIMUM MARK

TO QUALIFY

ADDITIONAL FACTORS

THEORY CLASSES (70%)

Mark for the 1r Interim Test

35%

≥4 points (out of 10)

Students with a failed mark can retake the corresponding part in the Final Exam

Mark for the 2n Interim Test

35%

≥4 points (out of 10)

Recovery

Exam

Mark for the reassessment of the 1r Interim Test

35%

≥4 points (out of 10)

Both Interim Tests must be performed previously.

Trying to improve the grades obtained implies losing the previously obtained interim marks.

Mark for the reassessment ofthe 2n InterimTest

35%

≥4 points (out of 10)

PROBLEM-BASED CLASSES (10%)

Mark for the exercise completed individually during the 2n interim test

9%

N/A

N/A

Exercises submission + teamwork questionnaire

1%

N/A

It is mandatory to participate in the teamwork and to obtain a favorable evaluation in the team-work questionnaire.

LABORATORY PRACTICALS (20%)

Average mark of the questionnaires completed along the laboratory practicals

20%

≥4 points (out of 10)

The assistance is mandatory.

It is necessary to pass the Biosecurity Tests.

 

FINAL MARK

100%

≥5 points (out of 10)

 

 

All factors to be considered in the marking systems established for this subject related to the single term-end examination are summarized in the following table: 

<tdwidth="31%">ASSESSMENT<tdwidth="7%"> 

 

WEIGHT

MINIMUM MARK TO QUALIFY

ADDITIONAL FACTORS

THEORY CLASSES (70%)

Mark for the Final Exam

35%

≥4 points (out of 10)

N/A

Mark for the Recovery Exam

35%

≥4 points (out of 10)

Trying to improve the grade obtained implies losing the previously obtained mark

PROBLEM-BASED CLASSES(10%)

Mark for the exercise completed individually during the Final Exam

9%

N/A

N/A

Exercises submission + teamwork questionnaire

1%

N/A

It is mandatory to participate in the teamwork and to obtain a favorable evaluation in the team-work questionnaire.

LABORATORY PRACTICALS (20%)

Average mark of the questionnaires completed along the laboratory practicals

20%

≥4 points (out of 10)

The assistance is mandatory.

It is necessary to pass the BiosecurityTests.

FINAL MARK

100%

≥5 points (out of 10)

 

 

ADDITIONAL ASPECTS

Students will be considered "not assessable" if the combined weight of all the evaluation activities they have done is less than 67% of the final mark.

Students who engage in misconduct (plagiarism, copying, personation, etc.) in an assessment activity will receive a mark of “0” for that. In case of recurrence, the students will be given a final mark of “0” for the subject.

In the case of students who do not pass the subject in a given academic year, the marks obtained in the Problem-based classes and in the Laboratory Practicals will be kept for further curses whenever the competences associated with these classes have been obtained (i.e. obtaining >5 points out of 10 in each). Otherwise, they will have to repeat the evaluation activities to obtain the corresponding grade. This exemption will be maintained for a period of three additional enrolments.

Students who are unable to attend an exam due to extenuating circumstances (i.e. health problem, death of a first- or second-degree relative, an accident, or unavoidable competitions in the case of elite student athletes) and who provide official documentation to the degree coordinator (respectively: official medical certificate that explicitly confirms the inability to carry out the exam, police statement, justification from the competent sports organization), will be entitled to perform the test on anotherday. Boththe bachelor’s degree coordinator and the responsible teacher will do as much as possible to resolve these situations.


Assessment Activities

Title Weighting Hours ECTS Learning Outcomes
Delivery of the problems worked in group and indiviual resolution of a problem in the exam 10% 0.5 0.02 4, 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 12, 10, 11, 9, 2, 3, 16, 15
First interim test 35% 1.5 0.06 5, 6, 7, 13, 12, 10, 11, 9, 14, 2, 3, 15
Questionnaires of the Laboratory Practicals 20% 0 0 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 10, 11, 9, 14, 2, 3
Sec 35% 1.5 0.06 5, 6, 7, 13, 12, 10, 11, 9, 14, 2, 3, 15

Bibliography

Alberts B, Heald R, Johnson A, Morgan D, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P, Wilson J. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 7th Edition. Garland Science, 2022.

Last version of the book in Spanish:

Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. Biología Molecular de la Célula. 6ª Edición. Ediciones Omega S.A., 2016.

Free online book resource:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=mboc4.TOC&depth=2

Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th Edition. Garland Science, 2002.

 

Alberts B, Bray D, Hopkin K, Johnson AD, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. Essential Cell Biology. 5th Edition Garland Science, 2019.

Last version of the book in Spanish:

Alberts B, Bray D, Hopkin K, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P. Introducción a la Biología Celular. 5ª Edición. Editorial Médica Panamericana, 2021.

Online open access available at the UAB library:

https://bibcercador.uab.cat/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991007029139706709&context=L&vid=34CSUC_UAB:VU1&lang=ca&search_scope=CourseReserves&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&isFrbr=true&tab=CourseReserves&query=course_code,contains,100939&sortby=date_d&facet=frbrgroupid,include,9059604451498349621&offset=0

 

Cooper GM, Hausman RE. The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 8th Edition. Oxford University Press, 2019.

Last version of the book in Spanish:

Cooper GM, Hausman RE. La Célula. 7ª Edición. Marbán Libros S.L., 2018.

Free online book resource:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=cooper.TOC&depth=2

Cooper GM. The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd Edition. Sinauer Associates, 2000.

 

Hardin J, Bertoni G. Becker's world of the Cell. 10th Edition. Pearson, 2022.

Last version of the book in Spanish:

Becker WM, Kleinsmith LJ, Hardin J. El Mundo de la Célula. 6ª Edición. Pearson Educación SA., 2006.

 

Karp G, Iwasa J, Marshall W. Cell and molecular biology: Concepts and experiments. 9th Edition. Wiley, 2020.

Last version of the book in Spanish:

Karp G. Biología Celular y molecular: Conceptos y experimentos. 8a Edición. McGraw-Hill Interamericana de España S.L., 2019.

 

Lodish H, Berk A, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Bretscher A, Ploegh H, Amon A, Scott MP. Molecular Cell Biology. 9th Edition. WH Freeman and Company, 2021

Last version of the book in Spanish:

Lodish H, Berk A, Matsudaira P, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Scott MP, Zipursky SL, Darnell J. Biología Celular y Molecular. 7ª Edición. Editorial Médica Panamericana, 2016.

Free online book resource:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=mcb.TOC

Lodish H, Berk A, Matsudaira P, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Scott MP, Zipursky SL, Darnell J. Molecular Cell Biology. 4th Edition. W H Freeman and Company, 2000.

Online open access available at the UAB library:

https://bibcercador.uab.cat/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma991007006029706709&context=L&vid=34CSUC_UAB:VU1&lang=ca&search_scope=CourseReserves&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=CourseReserves&query=course_code,contains,100939

 

Paniagua R. Biología celular y molecular. 4a Edición. Mcgraw Hill, 2017

 

Plopper G, Sharp D, Sikorski E. Lewin's Cells. 3rd Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2015.

 

Cassimeris L, Lingappa VR, Plopper G. Lewin Células. 2a Edición. McGraw-Hill Interamericana de España S.L., 2012.

 


Software

No special software is used.