Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System
Code: 101700 ECTS Credits: 6| Degree | Type | Year | Semester |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2500893 Speech therapy | FB | 1 | 2 |
Contact
- Name:
- Guillermo Garcia Alias
- Email:
- guillermo.garcia@uab.cat
Teaching groups languages
You can check it through this link. To consult the language you will need to enter the CODE of the subject. Please note that this information is provisional until 30 November 2023.
Teachers
- Ignacio Delgado Martínez
- Guillermo Garcia Alias
- Christelle Serra Le Cheualier
Prerequisites
There are no official prerequisites.
It is convenient to have basic knowledge of cell biology, physics and chemistry.
Objectives and Contextualisation
Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System is a first year course aimed to gain knowledge of the general characteristics of the structure and function of the Nervous System and especially of the strucutures involved in the control, production of voice and speech, and the generation of language.
The objectives of the lectures are to provide an integrated knowledge of the the neural stucutures involved in the production of voice and speech and the generation of language in humans
Competences
- Act with ethical responsibility and respect for fundamental rights and duties, diversity and democratic values.
- Analyse and synthesise information.
- Demonstrate an understanding and correct use of the terminology and methodology of speech-therapy research.
- Express oneself fluently, coherently and suitably following established norms, both orally and in writing.
- Find, evaluate, organise and maintain information systems.
- Integrate the foundations of biology (anatomy and physiology), psychology (evolutionary processes and development), language and teaching as these relate to speech-therapy intervention in communication, language, speech, hearing, voice and non-verbal oral functions.
- Managing communication and information technologies.
- Present adequate speech production, language structure and voice quality.
- Students can apply the knowledge to their own work or vocation in a professional manner and have the powers generally demonstrated by preparing and defending arguments and solving problems within their area of study.
- Students must be capable of collecting and interpreting relevant data (usually within their area of study) in order to make statements that reflect social, scientific or ethical relevant issues.
- Students must be capable of communicating information, ideas, problems and solutions to both specialised and non-specialised audiences.
- Students must develop the necessary learning skills in order to undertake further training with a high degree of autonomy.
- Students must have and understand knowledge of an area of study built on the basis of general secondary education, and while it relies on some advanced textbooks it also includes some aspects coming from the forefront of its field of study.
- Understand, integrate and relate new knowledge deriving from autonomous learning.
- Understand, interpret and express orally and in writing, in a foreign language, contents within the ambit of health.
- Use the exploratory techniques and instruments pertaining to the profession, and register, synthesise and interpret the data provided by integrating this into an overall information set.
- Working in intra- and interdisciplinary teams.
Learning Outcomes
- Analyse and synthesise.
- Correctly interpret the results of an exploration of the nervous system and the organs of voice and speech.
- Correctly use the nomenclature of cell biology, human anatomy and the main terms of physiology.
- Critically analyse the principles, values and procedures that govern the exercise of the profession.
- Demonstrate proper diction and proper syntactic structure and discourse in the public presentations of projects.
- Explain the explicit or implicit code of practice of one's own area of knowledge.
- Express oneself fluently, coherently and suitably following established norms, both orally and in writing.
- Identify and describe the anatomy of the nervous system and of the organs of voice and speech.
- Identify and describe the physiology of the nervous system and and of the organs of voice and speech, in addition to their molecular and cellular bases.
- Managing communication and information technologies.
- Perform a basic examination of voice and speech organs.
- Search, evaluate, organise and maintain information systems.
- Students can apply the knowledge to their own work or vocation in a professional manner and have the powers generally demonstrated by preparing and defending arguments and solving problems within their area of study.
- Students must be capable of collecting and interpreting relevant data (usually within their area of study) in order to make statements that reflect social, scientific or ethical relevant issues.
- Students must be capable of communicating information, ideas, problems and solutions to both specialised and non-specialised audiences.
- Students must develop the necessary learning skills in order to undertake further training with a high degree of autonomy.
- Students must have and understand knowledge of an area of study built on the basis of general secondary education, and while it relies on some advanced textbooks it also includes some aspects coming from the forefront of its field of study.
- Understand, integrate and relate new knowledge deriving from autonomous learning.
- Understand, interpret and express orally and in writing, in a foreign language, contents within the ambit of health.
- Working in intra- and interdisciplinary teams.
Content
The speech science degree is included within the clinical degrees offered by the University. Introductory basic science courses are necessry to train the students on the understanding of the neural structures responsible for the development and production of language. The lectures must provide the necessary tools for students to succeed in future clinical related courses and in the long term, to allow the speech science professionals to carry out effectively and rigorously their job, based on the scientific knowledge adquired.
Speech therapists are professional who work to prevent, detect, identify, evaluate, diagnose, provide treatment and follow-up people of all ages at risk of speech disorders, voice, language, swallowing and related disorders. Speech therapists also teach, supervise and conducts scientific research programs. Therefore, during their training they must learn to use the scientific methodolgy to measure and evaluate the effectiveness of their treatment, and to modify them based on their assessment and disseminate the results. Speech therapists must develop all these competences and justifies the importance of this course.And the last but not the least, the speech therapist must know the structure and functioning of the sensory, motor and nervous system in order to be able to understand, diagnose, treat, prevent and investigate the alterations that affects voice, speech and language.
1 ANATOMY OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
1.1 - Anatomical organization of the nervous system
- Concept and areas of the nervous system
- Cell elements of the nervous system
- Central and peripheral nervous system
- Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic and parasympathetic
- The Nervous System Covers: the meninges
- Ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid
- Vascularization of the nervous system
- Techniques for exploring the Nervous System
1.2 – The Telencephalon: The cerebralcortex
- Morphology: grooves, circumvallations and lobes
- General structure of the cerebral cortex
- White matter of the cerebral hemispheres
- Functional areas of the cerebral cortex
- Cortical areas specialized in language and speech
- Other cortical areas related to language and speech
- Anatomical asymmetry and language
1.3 – The Limbic system
- Concept
- The limbic cortex
- Subcortical nuclei
1.4 – The Basal Ganglia
- Classification and fundamental concepts
- Morphology and relations of the basal ganglia
- Functional organization of the basal ganglia
- Disfunction of the basal ganglia and the implications in language dissorders
1.5 – The Thalamus
- Division
- Thalamus: morphology and function.
- Epithalamus
- Hypothalamus
1.6 – The Brain Stem
- Brainstem
- Morphology: bulb, protuberance, mesencephalon
- General structure of the cranial nerves: nomenclature and nuclei
- The Cranial Nerves: description and function
- The Reticular formation
- Functional organization of the brain stem nuclei
1.7 – The Cerebellum
- The Cerebellum
- Morphology and connectivity of the cerebellum
- Functional organization of the cerebellum
- Disfunction of the Cerebellum and the implications in language dissorders
2. ANATOMY OF THE BODIES SENSES
2.1 - Vision
- Anatomy of the eye
- Optical pathways
- Eye related strucutres: lacrimal strucutres, eyelids.
- Muscles of the eye
2.2 - Hearing
- Anatomy of the ear
- external ear
- middle ear
- inner ear
- Auditory pathway
3 - PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
3.1 - Functional organization of the nervous system
- Functional modalities of the nervous system: sensory, motor, integrative
- Levels of organization of thenervous system: spinal cord, subcortical and cortical areas
- Electrical phenomena of the neurons: ionic transport by the neuronal membrane. Membrane potentials and action potentials, propagation of the action potential. Nerve conduction
- Synaptic transmission: Organization of chemical synapses. Functional features of
the chemical synapse. Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. Synaptic receptors
- Physiology of neuronal circuits. Reflex arch
3.2 - Physiology of the brain´s electrical activity.
- The brain’s electrical activity. The Electroencephalogram.
- Metabolism, blood flow and brain function. Self-regulation mechanism of the blood flow. Glucose intake Functional study methods of brain activity (PET, etc.)
- Regulation of the brain activity by the reticular systems of the brainstem
- Neuro-hormonal control of brain activity
- Sleep physiology: Phases of and functional characteristics. Physiological effects of sleep.
3.3 - Higher functions of the cerebral cortex: intellectual functions
- Functional organization of the neocortex
- Functions of the frontal lobe: attention, conceptual association, conscience, thought and interpretation of reality, social filter, traits of personality.
- Associative symbolic function of the Wernicke area.
- Functions of the parieto-occipito-temporal (POT) cortex in the dominant and non-dominant hemisphere.
Lateral language dominance. Experiences by Roger Sperry.
- Functions of the callous body: inter-hemispheric relation
- Learning and memory.
3.4 - Physiology of the somatosensory system
- Functional organization of the somatosensory system: types of sensory receptors and transduction.
Characteristics and classification of sensory nerve fibers
- Physiology of the mechanoreceptors, termoreceptors and nociceptors
- Physiology of temporomandibular jointceptors
- Somatosensory pathways: physiology of the trigeminal spinal nucleus, of the trigeminal sensitive nucleus and of the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. Integration of somatosensory information: primary and secondary somatosensory cortex
3.5 - Motor system physiology: muscle activity and segmentary control
- Functional organization of the skeletal and smooth muscles
- Mechanism of muscle contraction: skeletal muscle vs. smooth muscle.
- Physiology of the neuromuscular joint. Motor unit
- Segmentary control of muscle activity: proprioceptive receptors of the muscles and tendons.
- Reflex Circuits and activity
- Swallowing, sneezing and cough Reflexes
- Reflexes of the head: corneal or palpebral reflex, direct and consensual reflex pupillary, reflex of accommodation
3.6 - Motor system physiology: suprasegmentary motor control
- Motor cortex: functional organization; Planning and execution of voluntary movements.
- Basal Ganglia: functional organization. Planning and execution of automatic movements.
- Cerebellum: functional organization. Coordination of movements.
3.7 - Nervous control of the voice and the speech
- Functional organization of the nervous control of the larynx
- Functional characteristics of the sensory innervation of the larynx
- Functional characteristics of the segmental control of the larynx: the role of the ambiguous nucleus and of the laryngeal premotor nuclei.
- Functional characteristics of suprasecondary control of the larynx: paper of the gray substance
periacuaductal (PAG) and the motor cortex
- Functional organization of the nervous control of speech
- Motor speech program: articulatory and neuronal events
- Paper of the motor cortex, the basal ganglia and the cerebellum in the production of the speech
3.8 - Higher functions of the cerebral cortex: language
- Functional organization of cortical areas involvedin language
- Mechanisms of the perception and understanding of language
- Mechanisms of motor control in the emission of the language
4. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE BODY SENSES
4.1 - Sense of vision
- Physiology of the eye. Ocular diopter Power of refringence. Control of the accommodation. Neural control of the pupil's diameter. Visual acuity and Visual field Campimetry.
- Retinal physiology: pigmented epithelium. Photoreceptors and phototransduction. Function of neurons of the retina
-Physiology of the optical pathways: visual characteristics of the parvocellular nuclei and the magnocellular pathway. Role of the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus.
- Central integration of visual information: functional organization of the visual cortex. Movement and position analysis of the. Analysis of the shape. Color analysis. Analysis of the stereoscopic vision.
4.2 - Sense of hearing
- Physiology of the external ear: capture and amplification of sound waves
- Physiology of the middle ear: physiology of the transmission system. Timpanic or stapedial reflex.
Timpanometry and impedimetry.
- Internal ear physiology: functional cochlea organization and auditory transduction. Amplifier
coclear Endococcial potential. Discrimination of frequencies and sound intensities.
- Physiology of the auditory route: function of the coclear nuclei, of the superior olive complex and colicle lower. Functions of the medial geniculate body of the thalamus
- Auditory cortex physiology: analysis of the frequencies and intensities of the sound waves. Auditory memory
- Exploration of hearing sensitivity. Audiometry.
Methodology
Lectures
These are based on a systemized exhibition of the subject's topics. By attending to the lectures, student acquires the basic scientific knowledge, which will require to be complemented with individual study.
Workshops
Small group cclasses related to a specific part of the syllabus. The student necesarely need to work collectively to achieve the class objectives
Laboratory
Practical sessions for the observation of the anatomical structures and the practical learning of physiological techniques. Group work and active self-learning are promoted. Preparation and presentation of a review work Based on a set of topics proposed for the subject, students will have to meet in groups of no bbigger than four people, and elaborate a review work that will have to be presented
N.B. The proposed teaching and assessment methodologies may experience some modifications as a result of the restrictions on face-to-face learning imposed by the health authorities. The teaching staff will use the Moodle classroom or the usual communication channel to specify whether the different directed and assessment activities are to be carried out on site or online, as instructed by the Faculty
Annotation: Within the schedule set by the centre or degree programme, 15 minutes of one class will be reserved for students to evaluate their lecturers and their courses or modules through questionnaires.
Activities
| Title | Hours | ECTS | Learning Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Type: Directed | |||
| Laboratory classes | 15 | 0.6 | 7, 11, 2, 5 |
| Lectures | 31.5 | 1.26 | 1, 9, 8, 3, 10 |
| Workshops | 6 | 0.24 | 12, 2, 3 |
| Type: Supervised | |||
| Face-to-face and/or virtual supervision | 16 | 0.64 | 2 |
| Type: Autonomous | |||
| Oral Workshops | 12 | 0.48 | 1, 12, 19, 20, 10 |
| Practical classes | 9 | 0.36 | 12, 19, 7, 20, 10 |
| Self-study | 41 | 1.64 | 12, 18, 19, 11, 9, 8, 20, 3, 10 |
| Workshops | 16 | 0.64 | 1, 12, 19, 20, 10 |
Assessment
EVALUATION
The acquisition of the skills described in the subject will be assessed, including the learning of Anatomy and Physiology, and the ability to integrate theoretical and practical concepts.
The evaluation of the subject will be based on the theoretical and practical syllabus contained in the Program of the same.
Evaluation model:
Each block that makes up the subject's program will be evaluated individually, both from the theoretical and from the practical syllabus (laboratory exercises and cases).
The following blocks are considered for evaluation:
- Block 1; Anatomy of the central nervous system and sense organs
- Block 2; Physiology of the central nervous system and sense organs
To pass the subject it will be necessary to pass each of the two blocks with a minimum grade of 5.0 in the same academic year.
Continued avaluation:
The continuous evaluation of each block will consist of:
A. Partial exam with:
- A section with multiple choice items and/or restricted written questions to assess the theoretical knowledge of the subject (EV1 and EV3, for the Anatomy and Physiology blocks respectively). Each of this grades will account for 30% of the overall grade for the subject.
- A section with multiple choice items and/or restricted written questions to evaluate the concepts related to laboratory practices (EV2 and EV4 for the Anatomy and Physiology blocks respectively). This grade will account for 10% of the overall grade for the subject.
B. Tests throughout the course on the knowledge gained in the laboratory practices, the case study and the presentation of the work. The grade of these tests will be 20% of the final grade and will be distributed in:
- Portfolios of the evaluation of the laboratory practices, through on-site tests and questionnaires on the concepts achieved inthem (EV5). This grade will account for 10% of the overall grade for the subject.
- Presentation of a bibliographic review work (EV6), which accounts for 10% of the overall mark of the subject.
To pass each block of the subject, you must pass the exam of the theoretical section (EV1 and EV3) with a grade equal to or higher than 5.0. If these requirements are not met, the maximum grade will be 4.5
To pass the subject, you must have passed each of the blocks with a minimum of 5.0, and that the weighted average of all assessment tests must be equal to or higher than 5.0.
Final exam:
There will be a final exam, to which students who have not passed the subject in the continuous assessment may appear. The students will only have to present to the blocks that they have not passed in the continuous assessment of the same academic year.
Those who, having passed the continuous assessment of the subject, wish to take the final exam to improve their grade, must apply when the call is published. In this case, the final grade will be the highest grade obtained in the continuous assessment or the final exam.
The final assessment exam for each block will be with multiple-choice item tests and will assess knowledge:
- theory of the subject, weighted by 30% for each block of the final grade.
- of laboratory practices and cases, weighted by 10% for each block of the final grade.
To pass each system, a minimum of 5.0 must be obtained in the theoretical exam
To pass the subject, both blocks must be passed with a minimum of 5.0.
In this case, the final mark will be the weighted average of the marks obtained in each of the approved systems. If you do not pass any of the systems, the maximum grade obtained will be 4,5.
It will be considered as "non-evaluable" if the student has not participated in a minimum of 40% of the EV weight.
Examination review procedure:
Students will be able to submit claims to the wording of the questions during the two days following the performance of the face-to-face exams.
The revision of grades will take place in the period to be announced together with the publication of the grades of the partial and final exams.
Single evaluation
Students can take advantage of the single evaluation system, according to the Faculty's regulations. The single evaluation will be based on the same content of the subject program, the acquisition of the same skills, and will have the same level of demand as the continuous evaluation.
The unique evaluation will consist of tests carried out on the same day for each of the blocks that make up the subject.
The single assessment will consist of carrying out all the assessable tests (EV1, EV2, EV3 and EV4) and EV5 and EV6 will be given in a single session, which coincides with the date of EV3 of the continuous assessment. People who accept the single assessment waive the continuous assessment. It should be borne in mind that the single assessment does NOT imply that the student does not attend class
For the evaluation of each block, an exam consisting of multiple choice questions and/or restricted written questions will be carried out to assess the theoretical knowledge of the subject (EV1 and EV3) and the concepts related to the laboratory practices and the case studies (EV2 and EV4), each with an weighting of 30% and 10% respectively of the overall grade of each system.
To pass each block it will be necessary to obtain a minimum of 5.0 in the theoretical exam
To pass the subject it will be necessary to pass both blocks with a minimum of 5.0. In this case, the final mark will be the weighted average of the marks obtained in the evaluation tests. If you do not pass any of the blocks, the maximum grade obtained willbe4.9.
It will be considered as "non-evaluable" if the student has not participated in a minimum of 40% of the EV weight.
Re-evaluation exam. The same recovery system as for the continuous evaluation will be applied.
The review of the qualifications will follow the same procedure as for the continuous evaluation.
The followinglink lists the faculty assessment guidelines: https://www.uab.cat/web/estudiar/graus/graus/avaluacions-1345722525858.html
Code Denomination Weight Format Authorship Via
EV1 ____Objective test multiple response on knowledge of Structure ____ 30% ____ written___ individual___ face-to-face
EV2 ____Objective practice test __________________________________10% ____ written___ individual___ face-to-face
EV3 ____Objective multiple-choice test on Function knowledge _________ 30% ____ written___ individual___ face-to-face
EV4 ____Objective practice test __________________________________10% ____ written___ individual___ face-to-face
EV5____ Portfolio and cases_____________________________________ 10% ____ both_____ both _______both
EV6 ____Works_______________________________________________ 10% ____ written___ collective____both
Format: written, oral or both.
Authorship: individual, collective or both.
Via: face-to-face, virtual or both.
Assessment Activities
| Title | Weighting | Hours | ECTS | Learning Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EV1 i EV3; Test of answers | 60 | 1.5 | 0.06 | 1, 12, 18, 19, 9, 8, 2, 17, 16, 3, 10 |
| EV2 i EV4; Test of practical classes | 20 | 0.5 | 0.02 | 1, 12, 18, 19, 7, 11, 9, 8, 2, 17, 16, 3 |
| EV5; Evaluation of the portfolio of laboratory and practical classes | 10 | 0.5 | 0.02 | 4, 1, 12, 18, 19, 6, 7, 11, 9, 8, 2, 5, 20, 3, 10 |
| EV6; Preparation and presentation of workshops | 10 | 1 | 0.04 | 4, 1, 12, 18, 19, 7, 11, 9, 8, 2, 5, 17, 16, 15, 13, 14, 20, 3, 10 |
Bibliography
Main Bibliography
- Anthony Seikel, David G. Drumright,Anatomy and Physiology for Speech, Language, and Hearing.6th edition. 2019
- Purves D, Auguste GJ, Fitzpatrick D, Katz LC, LaMantia AS, McNamara JO. Invitación a la neurociencia. Ed Panamericana, 2001.
Complemetary Bibliography
- Crossman AR, Neary D. Neuroanatomia: texto y atlas en color. 3ª edición, Elsevier-Masson, Barcelona 2007.
- Cuetos F. Neurociencia del Lenguaje. Ed. Panamericana, Madrid. 2012.
- MacKenna BR, Callander R. Fisiologia Ilustrada. 5ª ed. Ed. Churchill Livingstone. 1990.
- McFarland . Atlas de Anatomia en Ortofonia. Elsevier-Masson, Barcelona, 2008.
- Rodríguez S, Smith-Agreda JM. Anatomia de los órganos del lenguaje, visión y audición. 2ª edició. Ed. Panamericana. Madrid, 2004.
- Tortora. Derrikson. Principios de Anatomía y Fisiología. 11ª edición. Ed. Panamericana. Madrid, 2006.
- Webb WG, Adler RK. Neurología para el logopeda. 5ª edición, Elsevier-Masson, Barcelona, 2010.
- W. WEBBR. K. ADLER NEUROLOGÍA PARA EL LOGOPEDA. Elsevier. 5th edition. 2010
- JORDI PEÑA-CASANOVA MANUAL DE LOGOPEDIA (4ª ED.). Elsevier 2013
Software
non aplicable