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2023/2024

Phylogeny and Evolution

Code: 100828 ECTS Credits: 6
Degree Type Year Semester
2500251 Environmental Biology OB 3 2

Contact

Name:
Miquel Riba Rovira
Email:
miquel.riba@uab.cat

Teaching groups languages

You can check it through this link. To consult the language you will need to enter the CODE of the subject. Please note that this information is provisional until 30 November 2023.

Teachers

Francesc Muņoz Muņoz
Cristina Roquet Ruiz

Prerequisites

-  Basic knowledge on plant and animal morphology and systematics

-  Basic concepts on molecular and population genetics.

-  Basic knowledge about methods for statistical inference.


Objectives and Contextualisation

Evolution is one  of the most important unifiying theories in Biology, and evolutionary processes give us the "ultimate" explanation about the diversification of organisms and life. Evolution will be examined at different scales, from molecules to ecosystems, and from changes taking palce within populations and species throughout several generations to patterns of change across millennia. One of the basic principles of Evolutionary Theory is the diversification from a common ancestor, that is to say, the presence of genealogical relationships between organisms. Therefore, one of the main objectives of this module is the study  of genealogical/phylogenetic relationships between organisms and how these relations are defined by tha basic evolutionary processes.

The main objectives of the course are:

1)   To widen the understanding of the causes, processes and consequences of Evolution.

  1. Recognize the main evolutionary trends during diversification of biota throughout the history of life in our planet.
  2. Understand the main evolutionary mechanisms and how they interact with ecological processes.

2)   To provide the basic conceptual and methodological tools needed to analyze evolutionary processes using the scientific method by:

  1. Incorporating the dynamic view of evolutionary changes into the study and characterization of natural and anthropogenic systems.
  2. Understanding and establishing evolutionary relationships between organisms at every taxonomic level using the basic bioinformatics techniques.
  3. Enhancing the skills to develop a scientific perspective when facing complex problems and phenomena.

3)   To reflect and develop a critical view on the social consequences and impact of the use of Biodiversity in the light of the Evolutionary Theory.


Competences

  • Apply ICT resources pertaining to this field of study.
  • Design models of biological processes.
  • Develop analysis and synthesis skills.
  • Focus on quality.
  • Integrate knowledge of different organisational levels of organisms in their functioning.
  • Reason critically.
  • Recognise and analyse phylogenetic relations.
  • Understand the bases of regulation of vital functions of organisms through internal and external factors, and identify environmental adaptation mechanisms.
  • Work in an international context.

Learning Outcomes

  1. Apply ICT resources pertaining to this field of study.
  2. Apply basic modelling techniques to establish phylogenetic relationships.
  3. Apply the theory of evolution to the different levels of biological organisation.
  4. Critically assess scientific advances in the field of evolution of the lineages of living beings.
  5. Develop analysis and synthesis skills.
  6. Focus on quality.
  7. Interpret the diversity of the principal groups of living and extinct beings, from the perspective of their origins and their phylogenetic relationships.
  8. Interpret the functional significance of the origin and evolution of the principal lineages of living beings.
  9. Interpret the general processes of adaptation to the medium on the part of organisms.
  10. Reason critically.
  11. Recognise the principal mechanisms of speciation and their connections to adaptation to the medium.
  12. Recognise the principal methodologies of molecular analysis used in establishing phylogenetic relationships.
  13. Work in an international context.

Content

PART-I. Microevolution: evolutionary processes in populations and species (*).

1. Introduction to Evolutionary Biology: fundamental principles.

2. Genetic variability: types, detection and use.

4. Genetic variability and structure in populations. Genetic drift and migration. Breeding systems. Effective population size.

5. Units of selection. Natural selection: effects and quantification. Adaptation and exaptation. Determining adaptation: experiments, observational studies and the comparative method.

6. Speciation. The species concept. Barriers to gene flow. Gradual speciation: allopatric, parapatric and sympatric speciation. Speciation by polyploidy and hybridization. Dynamics of hybrid zones.

6. Evolution of life-history traits. Optimization, trade-off and constraints. The cost of reproduction. Life span and senescence. Offspring size and number.

7. Evolution of behavior. Evolutionary stable strategies. Sexual selection. Evolution of biological interactions.

 

PART-II. Macroevolution and the history of life (*).

1. The origin of life and precambric evolution. The tree of life.

2. Patterns and processes in plant evolution. Extinction and survival in plant evolution from the perspective of the fòssil record. The origin and diversification of Angiosperms.

3. Patterns and processes in animal evolution. Speciation from the perspective of the fossil record. Rates and types of morphological change. Evolutionary trends. Evolution of Biodiversity. Evolution of form: homeotic mutations and hox genes. Dynamics of morphological change: heterochrony.


Methodology

1) Theoretical lectures: 39 h. classroom attendance

2) Seminars, discussions and student directed learning: 7 h. classroom attendance.

3) Practical learning in computer lab: 6 h. lab attendance.

4) Personal work and study: 80 h.

5) Preparing and writing of group work and personal assignment: 8 h

6) Exams and evaluation: 8 h

Annotation: Within the schedule set by the centre or degree programme, 15 minutes of one class will be reserved for students to evaluate their lecturers and their courses or modules through questionnaires.


Activities

Title Hours ECTS Learning Outcomes
Type: Directed      
Computer Lab 6 0.24 2, 1, 12
In-Class Theoretical Lectures 39 1.56 3, 9, 11
Seminars and In-class Individual and Group Activities 7 0.28 3, 11
Type: Supervised      
Data Analyses and Writting Activities 8 0.32 6, 10, 13
Type: Autonomous      
Individual assignements and study 80 3.2 3, 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 7, 11

Assessment

- The evaluation system is organized into 2 units:

1)   UNIT-1. Theory. Tests and written exams on theoretical lectures: 50% of the final mark. This unit will be made of two independent exams:

1.1.   Part. I. Microevolution: evolutionary processes in populations and species: 50% unit’s mark (25% final mark)

1.2.   Part. II. Macroevolution and the history of life: 50% unit’s mark (25% final mark).

2) UNIT-2. Practical work, seminars, personal and group assignments: 50% of the final mark:

2.1. Individual exam on the practical work of the evolutionary analysis of morphological variation: 30% of the unit’s mark (15% final mark).

2.2. Individual exam of activities in the computer lab about methods of phylogenetic inference: 70% of the unit’s mark (35% final mark).

- Students have the right to have a retake of all the evaluation activities.

- To be eligible for the retake process, the student should have been previously evaluated in a set of activities equaling at least two thirds of the final score of the course or module. Thus, the student will be graded as "No Avaluable" if the weighthin of all conducted evaluation activities is less than 67% of the final score

- Dates and time schedules for exams and evaluation assessments will be indicated in the calendar provided by the coordinator or by the teaching staff.

- Passing a midterm exam of UNIT-1 implies full achievement of its content, skills and competences and do not need to be re-assessed in the final second-chance examination.

- To pass the course the student must get at least 5/10 in UNIT-1. Exams with marks lower than 4/10 will not be used in this calculation.

- The students that successfully pass the theoreticalunit (UNIT-1) also have the right accessing the second-chance reassessment exam so as to improve their mark in this unit. In this case, the final mark for this unit will be the one attained in this reassessment examination.

- Students also have the possibility to be graded with a single assessment.

- Students taking the single assessment option must notify the subject coordinator before taking the first continuous assessment test. Students taking any of the continuous assessment tests will be excluded from the right to a single assessment.

- The single assessment option will include all the types and individual assessment activities provided for in the continuous assessment:

UNIT-1: will consist of a test in which the contents of the entire theory program of the subject will be evaluated.

UNIT-2: will be assessed with the same type of tests that are carried out in the continuous assessment.

- The assessment activities will take place on the same day as the last continuous assessment test of the subject.

- The single assessment option also allows the second-chance reassessment.


Assessment Activities

Title Weighting Hours ECTS Learning Outcomes
Learning Assessment on Bioinformatic and Seminar Activities 50% 6 0.24 3, 2, 1, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13
Written Exams and Tests on Theoretical Lectures 50% 4 0.16 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 7, 11

Bibliography

Basic Texts:

Carrión, J.S. 2003. Evolución vegetal. DM. Murcia.

Freeman, S. & Herron J.C. 2007. Evolutionary Analysis. 4th. Edition. Pearson.

Futuyma, D.J. & Kirkpatrick M. 2017. Evolution. 4th edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland.

Gould, S.J. 1977. Ontogeny and Phylogeny. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Massachusetts).

Gould, S.J. 2004. La estructura de la teoría de la evolución. Tusquets Editores, Barcelona.

Hall, B.K. & Hallgrimsson, B. 2008. Strickberger's Evolution. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Sudbury.

Judd, W.S. et al. 2002. Plant Systematics. A phylogenetic approach. 2ª ed. Sinauer Associates Inc. Sunderland.

MacLeod, N. & Forey, P.L. 2002. Morphology, shape and phylogeny. Systematic Association Special Volume Series 64. Taylor and Francis, London.

Stearns S.C. & Hoekstra R.F. 2005. Evolution. An Introduction. 2nd. Edition. Oxford University Press.

Strasburger, E. et al. 2004. Tratado de Botànica. 35ª ed. Ed. Omega. Barcelona.

Willmer, P. 1991. Invertebrate realtionships. Patterns in animal evolution. Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.

Willis, K.J. & McElwain, J.C. 2002. The Evolution of Plants. Oxford University Press. Oxford.

Zelditch, M.L., Swiderski, D.L., Sheets, D. i Fink, W.L. 2004. Geometric morphometrics for biologists: a Primer. Elsevier, San Diego, CA.

 

INTERNET RESOURCES

http://tolweb.org

http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/morph/

http://1kai.dokkyomed.ac.jp/mammal/en/mammal.html


Software

- The R Project for Statistical Computing / Rstudio

- Mega Software