Human Anatomy: General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System
Code: 103592 ECTS Credits: 6| Degree | Type | Year | Semester |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2502442 Medicine | FB | 1 | 1 |
Contact
- Name:
- Alfonso Rodriguez Baeza
- Email:
- alfonso.rodriguez@uab.cat
Use of Languages
- Principal working language:
- spanish (spa)
- Some groups entirely in English:
- No
- Some groups entirely in Catalan:
- No
- Some groups entirely in Spanish:
- No
Teachers
- Mario Roberto Bueno Gallegos
- Jorge Anibal Francisco Ortíz Cazal
- Alejandro Fernández León
- David Campillo Recio
- María Luisa Ortega Sánchez
- Manuel Medina Hayas
- Luis Carlos Garcia Rodriguez
Prerequisites
Although there are no prerequisites established officially, it is advisable that the student has achieved basic competencies for self-learning, working in groups and pre-college Biology. Because the student will do practices in the dissection/osteotheca labs, he will acquire the commitment to preserve the confidentiality and professional secrecy of the data to which they can access because of their learning activities and have taken the good practice test. He must also agree in maintaining an attitude of professional ethics throughout all his actions. Is necessary have the security certificate that proves having passed the test of good practices in the dissection room.
Objectives and Contextualisation
The subject Human Anatomy: generalities and locomotor apparatus is taught in the first semester of the first year of the Degree in Medicine. The objectives are the study of the general anatomical organization of the human body, initial embryonic development principles, and the locomotor apparatus, as well as the study of the anatomy of the trunk and the limbs.
This subject has its natural continuity in the second half of the first year and in the second year. Other subjects of the degree, such as Histology, Physiology and Pathophysiology and Clinical Semiology, complement these subjects.
The student who passes this course must be able to describe, with an international anatomical nomenclature, and to recognize the general anatomical organization of the human body, the principles of its development, and the anatomical structures that integrate the trunk and extremities of healthy human beings.
Competences
- Be able to work in an international context.
- Communicate clearly, orally and in writing, with other professionals and the media.
- Convey knowledge and techniques to professionals working in other fields.
- Critically assess and use clinical and biomedical information sources to obtain, organise, interpret and present information on science and health.
- Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of descriptive and functional anatomy, both macro- and microscopic, of different body systems, and topographic anatomy, its correlation with basic complementary examinations and its developmental mechanisms.
- Demonstrate understanding of the basic sciences and the principles underpinning them.
- Demonstrate understanding of the causal agents and the risk factors that determine states of health and the progression of illnesses.
- Demonstrate understanding of the structure and function of the body systems of the normal human organism at different stages in life and in both sexes.
- Formulate hypotheses and compile and critically assess information for problem-solving, using the scientific method.
- Maintain and sharpen one's professional competence, in particular by independently learning new material and techniques and by focusing on quality.
- Organise and plan time and workload in professional activity.
- Recognise the professional values of excellence, altruism, sense of duty, compassion, empathy, honesty, integrity and commitment to scientific methods.
- Use information and communication technologies in professional practice.
Learning Outcomes
- Apply knowledge of anatomy to the production of structured review texts.
- Be able to work in an international context.
- Communicate clearly, orally and in writing, with other professionals and the media.
- Convey knowledge and techniques to professionals working in other fields.
- Describe anatomical structures through inspection, palpation and/or different diagnostic imaging techniques.
- Describe the anatomical structures, the organisation and the morphogenesis of the musculoskeletal system, respiratory system, digestive system, and urogenital system.
- Describe the factors that determine the form, general aspect and proportions of the human body in health at different stages in life and in both sexes.
- Describe the fundamental scientific principles of human anatomy.
- Describe the general anatomical organisation of the systems of the human body in health.
- Explain the formation of the embryonic disc and its principal derivatives.
- Formulate hypotheses and compile and critically assess information for problem-solving, using the scientific method.
- Identify the anatomical structures that constitute the different body systems in good health in the major stages of the life cycle and in both sexes.
- Identify the anatomical structures that make up the different body systems in health, through inspection, palpation and / or different macroscopic methods and different diagnostic imaging techniques.
- Identify the main techniques used in a human anatomy laboratory.
- Identify the morphogenetic mechanisms of the main alterations to the development of the musculoskeletal system, respiratory system, digestive system, and urogenital system.
- Identify, at a basic level, the donation system and the protocols for the use of bodies in the medicine faculty.
- Know and make correct use of the international anatomical nomenclature.
- Maintain and sharpen one's professional competence, in particular by independently learning new material and techniques and by focusing on quality.
- Organise and plan time and workload in professional activity.
- Use information and communication technologies in professional practice.
Content
CONTENTS
THEORY (TE)
UNIT 1: GENERAL ANATOMY
Introduction to anatomy. Basic terms. International anatomical nomenclature. Generalities of the skeletal system: bones and cartilages. Generalities of the articular system: fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints. Generalities of the muscular system: skeletal muscles and annexes. Overview of the vascular system: heart, arteries, veins and lymphatic system. Overview of the nervous system: central and peripheral nervous systems. Spinal nerves.
UNIT 2: GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY AND MORPHOGENESIS OF THE LOCOMOTOR APPARATUS
Introduction to embryology. General concepts. Fertilization and zygote formation. Cleavage of the zygote: blastomeres. Morulation. Blastocyst. Gastrulation. Main derivatives of the germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm. Morphogenesis of the trunk. Morphogenesis of the limbs.
UNIT 3: ANATOMY OF THE LOWER LIMB
Pelvic girdle: joints and ligaments. Hip joint. Muscles: organization. Dorsal-anterior group (iliopsoas, psoas minor, pectineus). Dorsal-posterior group (piriformis, gluteus muscles, tensor fasciae latae). Ventral group (obturator muscles, gemellus muscles, quadratus femoris, adductor muscles, and gracilis). Topographic anatomy of the pelvic girdle. Lumbar and sacral plexuses. Internal and external iliac arteries and veins. Knee joint. Muscles: organization. Dorsal group or anterior region (quadriceps femoris, and sartorius). Ventral group or posterior region (popliteus, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus). Topographic anatomy of the thigh. Femoral artery and vein. Nerves: femoral, obturator, lateral femoral cutaneous, genitofemoral, posterior femoral cutaneous and sciatic. Foot and ankle joints. Foot arches. Muscles: organization and compartments. Dorsal-anterior group or anterior compartment (tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and fibularis tertius). Dorsal-lateral group or lateral compartment (fibularis longus and fibularis brevis). Ventral group or posterior compartment (tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, and triceps surae muscles). Topographic anatomy of the leg and ankle. Popliteal artery and vein. Nerves: tibial and common fibular. Muscles: organization. Dorsal region (extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis). Plantar region (plantar aponeurosis; flexor digitorum brevis, flexor accessorius or quadratus plantae, lumbrical muscles and interossei muscles; abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis and adductor halluces muscles; abductor digiti minimi and flexor-opponens digiti minimi muscles). Arteries and veins: tibioperoneal trunk, anterior tibial, posterior tibial and fibular vessels. Dorsalis pedis, medial and lateral plantar vessels. Deep plantar arch. Nerves: superficial and deep fibular nerves, tibial nerve, medial and lateral plantar nerves. Overview of the superficial venous system, lymphatic system and cutaneous innervation of the lower limb.
UNIT 4: ANATOMY OF THE UPPER LIMB
Shoulder girdle joints: sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular and glenohumeral joints. Muscles: organization. Dorsal muscles (rotator cuff: subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor muscles; teres major, latissimus dorsi and deltoid). Ventral muscles (subclavius, pectoralis muscles, and coracobrachialis). Trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboid minor and major and serratus anterior muscles. Topographic anatomy of the shoulder girdle. Brachial plexus. Axillary artery and vein. Elbow joint and radio-ulnar syndesmoses. Muscles: organization and compartments. Posterior compartment (triceps and anconeus). Anterior compartment (brachialis and biceps brachii). Topographic anatomy of the arm. Nerves: axillary, radial, median, musculocutaneous, ulnar, medial cutaneous of the forearm and medial cutaneous of the arm. Brachial (humeral) artery and veins. Wrist and hand joints. Muscles: organization and compartments. Posterior compartment (supinator, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus, and extensor indicis; extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi and extensor carpi ulnaris). Postero-lateral compartment (brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus, and extensor carpi radialis brevis). Anterior compartment (pronator quadratus, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, and flexor carpi ulnaris). Topographic anatomy of the forearm and wrist. Hand muscles: organization. Tenar muscles (adductor pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis, and abductor pollicis brevis). Hypothenar muscles (opponens digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, abductor digiti minimi and palmaris brevis). Intermediate muscles (dorsal and palmar interossei muscles and lumbricals). Palmar aponeurosis. Radial, ulnar and interosseous arteries and veins. Arterial palmar arches. Median, ulnar (cubital) and radial nerves. Overview of the superficial venous system, lymphatic system and cutaneous innervation of the upper limb.
UNIT 5: TRUNK ANATOMY
Vertebral column: general organization. Intervertebral joints. Craniovertebral joints. Lumbosacral and sacrococcygeal joints. Muscles: organization and classification. Short and long muscles of the medial tract (interespinales, spinalis, rotatores, multifidus and semispinalis muscles). Short and long muscles of the lateral tract (intertransversarii, longissimus, iliocostalis and splenius muscles). Suboccipital muscles (rectus capitis posterior major and minor, obliquus capitis inferior and superior). Prevertebral muscles (rectus capitis anterior and lateralis, longus capitis and longus colli). Innervation. Thorax: general organization. Joints: costovertebral, sternocostal and interchondral joints. Muscles: intercostal muscles, subcostales, transversus thoracic, levatores costarum, and serratus posterior muscles. Diaphragm. Innervation. Abdomen: general organization. Muscles: anterolateral (rectus, pyramidalis, external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis mucles) and posterior (psoas and quadratus lumborum muscles) muscles. Inguinal canal. Perineum: general organization. Perineal body and anococcygeal ligament. Pelvic diaphragm: levator ani and ischiococcygeus muscles. Anal triangle: external anal sphincter. Urogenital triangle: urethral sphincter muscle, deep and superficial transverse perineal muscles, bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles. Innervation: pudendal nerve.
SEMINARS (SEM)
Seminar 1: general anatomy and osteology of the pelvis. General anatomy: planes, directions, and relationships. Bones and joints. The terminology applied in descriptive anatomy. Introduction to the techniques applied to imaging diagnosis of the musculoskeletal system. Osteology of the pelvis: coxal, sacral and coccyx. Pelvis as a whole. Differential characters between the male and the female pelvis. Correlation of the osteology of the pelvis with techniques of diagnosis by imaging.
Seminar 2: osteology of the lower limb. Bones: femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsus, metatarsus, sesamoid and phalanges bones. Plantar arch. Correlation of the osteology of the lower limb with techniques of diagnosis by imaging.
Seminar 3: osteology of the upper limb. Bones: clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpus, metacarpus, sesamoid and phalanges bones. Correlation of the osteology of the upper limb with techniques of diagnosis by imaging.
Seminar 4: osteology of the spine and thorax. Vertebral column. Vertebrae: general features. Cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Curvatures. Correlation of the osteology of the vertebral column with techniques of diagnosis by imaging. Thorax. Bone and cartilage: sternum and ribs. The thoracic wall as a whole. Correlation of theosteology of the thorax with techniques of diagnosis by imaging.
PRACTICAL LABS (in dissection room) (PLAB)
Practice 1 (general anatomy). General organization of the musculoskeletal system (bones, joints, muscles, and annexes). General organization of the cardiovascular system (heart, arteries, veins and lymphatic). General organization of the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, meninges, cranial and spinal nerves). Correlation of the anatomical preparations with techniques of diagnosis by imaging.
Practice 2 (lower limb). Pelvis, hip, knee, ankle and foot joints. Muscles of the pelvic girdle, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot. Arteries and veins of the lower extremity. Lumbar and sacral plexus: constitution, collateral and terminal branches. Superficial venous and lymphatic systems of the lower limb. Correlation of the anatomical preparations with techniques of diagnosis by imaging.
Practice 3 (upper limb). Shoulder girdle, elbow, wrist and hand joints. Muscles of the shoulder girdle, arm, forearm, and the hand. Arteries and veins of the upper limb. Brachial plexus: constitution, collateral and terminal branches. Superficial venous and lymphatic systems of the upper limb. Correlation of the anatomical preparations with techniques of diagnosis by imaging.
Practice 4 (back, thorax, abdomen, and perineum). Vertebral column and craniovertebral joints. Thorax joints. Muscles of the spine: paravertebrals, suboccipitals, and prevertebrals. Muscles and fascia of the thorax. Muscles and fascia of the abdomen. Inguinal canal. Muscles and fascia of the perineum. Correlation of the anatomical preparations with techniques of diagnosis by imaging.
Methodology
Directed activities
Classes to teach the theory program (TE) (37hs)
Seminars for bones study (SEM) (8hs) (didactic material in Virtual Campus of UAB)
Dissection lab practices (PLAB) (8hs) (didactic material in Virtual Campus of UAB)
Supervised activities
Personalized and/or group tutoring, face-to-face or virtual
Tutorials on line
Autonomous activities
Reading of texts and articles, study and creation of diagrams, summaries and conceptual assimilation of the contents. Preparation prior to conducting the seminars and dissection activities.
Annotation: Within the schedule set by the centre or degree programme, 15 minutes of one class will be reserved for students to evaluate their lecturers and their courses or modules through questionnaires.
Activities
| Title | Hours | ECTS | Learning Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Type: Directed | |||
| Laboratory practices (dissection lab) | 8 | 0.32 | 3, 17, 7, 9, 5, 6, 4, 11, 13, 12, 14, 16, 19 |
| Seminars (SEM) | 8 | 0.32 | 1, 3, 17, 7, 9, 5, 6, 4, 11, 13, 12, 14, 19, 20 |
| Theory (TE) | 37 | 1.48 | 3, 17, 7, 8, 9, 5, 6, 10, 11, 15, 13, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20 |
| Type: Supervised | |||
| Personal or groupal tutorials and on line tutorials | 15 | 0.6 | 1, 17, 7, 9, 5, 6, 11, 13, 12, 14, 18, 19, 2, 20 |
| Type: Autonomous | |||
| Reading articles, preparation of works, self-study | 75 | 3 | 1, 3, 17, 7, 8, 9, 5, 6, 4, 10, 11, 15, 13, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 2, 20 |
Assessment
EVALUATION
PARTIAL EXAMS:
The competencies will be evaluated through two partial exams. Each one includes the following contents:
Theory contents: objective test type exam of 30 questions with 4 answer options, only 1 valid. Incorrect answers penalize at a ratio of 1/3. The grade obtained in this part represents 27,5% of the final score of the subject, if the requirements are met;
Contents of the dissection practices: structured objective evaluation (practical exam) of 15 questions related to structures indicated in different anatomical preparations. Each question is scored with 1 or 0 point, the wrong or blank ones do not penalize, but to achieve the 5.0 score it is necessary to have 9 of the 15 points. The grade obtained in this part represents 15% of the final score of the subject, if the requirements are met;
Contents of the osteology seminars: an objective test of 10 questions with 4 answer options, only 1 valid. Incorrect answers penalize at ratio of 1/3. To take this test it is essential to have justified attendance at the face-to-face sessions of each seminar. The grade obtained in this part represents 7,5% of the final score of the subject, if the requirements are met.
To release the subject of each partial, it is necessary to achieve a score equal or greater than 5.0 once the following percentages have been applied and meeting the following requirements: test mark of the theory program contents (55%), mark of the dissection program contents (30%) and mark of the seminars program contents (15%).
Additionally, the following requirements must be applied (without exceptions): minimum score of 4.00 in the test of the theory program contents and not have a 0,00 qualification in any of the parts of the evaluation.
The same percentages will be applied to calculate the final qualification for the subject for students who have passed the two partial exams.
RECOVERY (FINAL) EXAM
This exam is intended for these students who have not achieved the sufficiency in one or both partial exams, and for students who wish to improve their score in one or both partial exams (includes the theory and practical programs), but renouncing the previously obtained mark.
According to the UAB evaluation regulations: "To participate in the recovery, students must have been previously evaluated in a set of activities, the weight of which is equals to a minimum of two thirds of the total qualification of the subject. Therefore, students will obtain the qualification of "Not evaluable" when the evaluation activities carried out have a weight lower than 67% in the final qualification".
The recovery exam will have the same structure (format, number of questions, etc..) and the same criteria and percentages established for each partial. Students who for any reason have not been evaluated for seminars, due to lack of attendance, have the option of take a 12 short questions in the final exam. Repeating students who have taken seminars and have justified a minimum grade of 4,0 in previous courses may request, within the established deadlines, the convalidation of this part with 5.0, being exempted from attending.
The final mark of the subject will have a numerical expression, with a decimal, on the 0-10 scale and with the qualitative equivalence in accordance with the criteria of the UAB, fail, pass, good and merit (with the option of obtaining honour distinction if the mark is equal to or greater than 9,3).
Partials and/or recovery revisions: location and dates will be announced through the UAB Campus Virtual. The revision process will always be done in accordance with current UAB regulations.
Assessment Activities
| Title | Weighting | Hours | ECTS | Learning Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Objective test (of the theoretical and seminars contents) | 55% | 3 | 0.12 | 3, 17, 7, 8, 9, 5, 6, 4, 10, 11, 15, 13, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 2, 20 |
| Objective tipus test and / or short questions of seminars | 15% | 1 | 0.04 | 1, 3, 17, 7, 5, 6, 4, 11, 13, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 2, 20 |
| Structured objective evaluation (practical exam) | 30% | 3 | 0.12 | 1, 3, 17, 9, 5, 6, 4, 11, 13, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 2 |
Bibliography
EMBRIOLOGIA
Cochard, L.R. (2005) Netter - Atlas de Embriología humana. 1ª edición. Ed. Masson SA.
Moore, K.L., Persaud, T.V.N., Torchia, M.G. (2020) Embriología clínica. 11ª edición. Ed. Elsevier.
Sadler, T.W. (2019) Langman Embriología Médica. 14ª edición. Ed. Wolters Kluwer.
ANATOMIA
Anastasi, G.; Gaudio, E.; Tacchetti, C. (2018) Anatomía humana - atlas - (editor de la edición en español: Alfonso Rodríguez Baeza). 3 volúmenes. 1ª edición. Ed. Edi-Ermes.
Anastasi, G.; Gaudio, E.; Tacchetti, C. (2020) Anatomía humana - atlas - (editor de la edición en español: Alfonso Rodríguez Baeza). 1 volumen. 1ª edición. Ed. Edi-Ermes.
Dauber, W. (2021) Feneis Nomenclatura anatómica ilustrada. 11ª edición. Ed. Elsevier.
Drake, R.L., Vogl, W., Mitchell, A.W.M. (2020) Gray - Anatomía para estudiantes. 4ª edición. Ed. Elsevier.
Drake, R.L., Vogl, W., Mitchell, A.W.M. (2021) Gray - Atlas de Anatomía. 3ª edición. Ed. Elsevier.
Drenckhahn, D., Waschke, J. (2010) Benninghoff y Drenckhahn - Compendio de Anatomía. 1ª edición. Ed. Médica Panamericana.
Fleckenstein, P., Tranum-Jensen, J. (2016) Bases anatómicas del diagnóstico por imagen. 3ª edición. Ed. Elsevier Science.
Gilroy, A.M., Mandri, A. (2020) Prometheus - Anatomía. Manual para el estudiante. 2ª edición. Ed. Médica Panamericana.
Gilroy, A.M., MacPherson, B.R., Wikenheiser, J. (2022) Prometheus - Atlas de Anatomía. 4ª edición. Ed. Médica Panamericana.
Kamina, P. (2003) Anatomía general. Ed. Médica Panamericana.
Llusá, M., Merí, À., Ruano, D.(2004) Manual y Atlas fotográfico de Anatomía del aparato locomotor. 1ª edición. Ed. Médica Panamericana.
Loukas, M., Benninger, B., Shane Tubbs, R. (2019) Guía fotográfica de disección del cuerpo humano. 2ª edición. Ed. Elsevier.
Moore, K.L., Dalley, A.F., Agur, A.M. (2018) Anatomía con orientación clínica. 8ª edición. Ed. Wolters Kluvers.
Netter, F.H. (2019) Atlas de Anatomía humana. 7ª edición. Ed. Elsevier.
Nielsen, M., Miller, S. (2012) Atlas de Anatomía Humana. 1ª edición. Ed. Médica Panamericana.
Paulsen, F. Waschke J. (2018) Sobotta Atlas de Anatomía Humana. 24ª edición. Ed. Elsevier.
Rohen, J.W., Yokochi, C., Lütjen-Drecoll, E. (2021) Atlas de Anatomía humana. Estudio fotográfico del cuerpo humano. 9ª edición. Ed. Elsevier.
Schünke, M., Schulte, E., Schumacher, U. (2022) Prometheus - Texto y atlas de Anatomía. 5ª edición. Ed. Médica Panamericana.
Spratt, J.D.; Salkowski, L.R.; Loukas, M. (2021) Weir y Abrahams. Atlas de Anatomía Humana por técnicas de imagen. 6ª edición. Ed. Elsevier.
Standring, S. (2021) Gray’s. Anatomy. The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. 42th edition. Ed. Elsevier.
Waschke J, Koch M, Kurten S, Schulze-Tanzil G, Spittau B. (2018) Sobotta. Texto de Anatomía. 1ª edición. Ed. Elsevier.
Weber, E.D.; Vilensky, J.; Carmichael, S.W., Lee, K.S. (2015) Netter Anatomia Radiológica Esencial. 2ª edición. Ed. Elsevier.
Very important:
access to the Campus Virtual of the UAB
access to library website of the UAB to consult available bibliography
Software
Is not necesary specific programs